Futility of the American Dream Exposed in The Great...

The road to success is not easy to navigate, but with hard work, drive and passion, its possible to achieve the American dream. -- Tommy Hilfiger In F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby, the principle character, Jay Gatsby makes an exhaustive effort in his quest for the American Dream. The novel is Fitzgeralds vessel of commentary and criticism of the American Dream. â€Å"Fitzgerald defines this Dream, he depicts its’ beauty and irresistible lure†(Bewley 113). Through Gatsbys downfall, Fitzgerald expresses the futility and agony of the pursuit of the dream. The aspects of the American Dream are evident throughout Fitzgeralds narrative. Take, for example, James Gatzs heavenly, almost unbelievable rise†¦show more content†¦Consequently, I am not ugly, for the effect of my ugliness, its power to repel, is annulled by money... does not my money, therefore, transform all my incapacities into their opposites? (Possnock 204). Gatsbys incapacities, generally of an emotional nature, inhibitions preventing his successful capture of his long-lost love, Daisy, are washed away with the drunkenness provided by the dollar: However glorious might be his future as Jay Gatsby, he was a present a penniless young man without a past, and at any moment the invisible cloak of his uniform might slip from his shoulders... He took what he could get, ravenously and unscrupulously - eventually he took Daisy one still October night (Fitzgerald 141). Once armed with the lucre, however, he is prepared to contribute equally to the relationship, making it truly an equal relation of love. Love represents the other side of the coin of wealth: as opposed to material wealth, it refers instead to emotional wealth. Whatever its plane of existence, love plays a pivotal role in the American Dream, in Gatsbys Dream. Perhaps love is the most valuable of the aspects presented thus far of the Dream; He hadnt once ceased looking at Daisy, and I think he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes (Fitzgerald 88). Such is hisShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream as Shown Through Jay Gatsby Essay2729 Words   |  11 Pages Jay Gatsby becomes so enthralled in his American Dream and the immoral means that he would use to obtain it, however, that he could not see foreboding events around him. He acts in a manner of obliviousness when many of the people whom he associates with mock him, such as when and an unnamed woman in Gatsby’s house in Chapter VI gives an insincere invitation for Gatsby to come to dinner a nd, after Gatsby naively accepts the invitation, Tom ridicules him by asking Nick, â€Å"Doesn’t he know she doesn’tRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald3918 Words   |  16 PagesPeriod 5 The Great Gatsby - RRS Title: The Great Gatsby Publication Date: April 10, 1925 Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald Nationality: American Author’s Birth/Death Dates: September 25, 1896 – December 21, 1940 Distinguishing Traits of Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald was raised in St. Paul, Minnesota and was named after his ancestor Francis Scott Key, who is the author of â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner.† He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of

Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Sexuality, And The...

Sigmund Freud An Overview of Two Theories Jace Moselund Palm Beach State college 12/02/2015 Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia on May 6TH 1856 in a Jewish family. He later moved to Vienna where he later became known as the father of psychology. Freud earned his medical degree in 1881, and in 1882 he later became engaged and married to his wife which led to the birth of his 6 children. Only one of Freud’s children chose to follow his footsteps in the field of psychology. Throughout his life Freud wrote twenty volumes on theoretical works and clinical studies until he died of cancer in England 1939 at the age of 83, some of his writings are Psychopathology, Theory of sexuality, and The Interoperation of Dreams. I believe that Sigmund Freud seemed like the most interesting man in the world at his point in time; he started the first Vienna school of psychoanalysis, worked in Paris for a long period of time with a French neurologist named Jean Charcot and used hypnosis on patients with hysteria. Freud also worked with Josef Breuer and discovered that by havin g hysterical patients’ describe the earliest occurrence of their symptoms that it could be linked back to some traumatic event. Sigmund Freud is extremely important to the field of psychology; he laid down the building blocks for most of the different studies in psychology when he stated that the mind is a complex energy system. All of the studies, treatments and theories we know today about the human

How does Shakespeare use the theme of love to create a comedy Free Essays

â€Å"Twelfth Night† is a romantic comedy with true love at its heart. The play does have occasional dark undertones but generally the genuine love and the misunderstanding make it a comic play. It was written originally for the Twelfth Night celebrations after Christmas in 1602. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare use the theme of love to create a comedy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These celebrations were light hearted and a time for revelry. It was sometimes known as the â€Å"Feast of Fools† and normal behaviour and sensible acts were suspended at this time. Authority was turned up side down. In most universities, private houses and the law schools, a Lord of Misrule was elected. Usually a servant became Master of the Household for a short period of time. He organised dances, masques and make-believe activities. Everything was allowed; pranks, deception, etc., ruled this period between 25th December and 6th January. Afterwards, everything goes back to normal and the original hierarchy is once more obeyed. Love Poem iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/love-poem/embed/#?secret=HTcdFK3UBJ" data-secret="HTcdFK3UBJ" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Love Poem#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Even though comedy is a large part of the play, love is most definitely the main theme. There are love triangles, love based on disguise and true love al involved in the lives of the characters. The play transforms one type of love for another, for example, selfish self-love is transformed to genuine love. This aspect shows that true love wins through in the end. Shakespeare uses all of the different types of love to create comedy towards the audience. For example, the self-love is so masochistic that the audience looks on with humour with the over-exaggeration. Unrequited love also makes quite a big romantic impact because the character is seen making a fool of themselves. Twelfth Night is a mixture of all emotions; an audience will laugh, cry and fume at the characters that Shakespeare creates. There are three characters at the heart of the play involved in a love triangle. Orsino is the first that we are introduced to. Shakespeare represents Orsino as a parody of the romantic lover, in love with the idea of love. He is comic at times because of his obsession and the exaggerated language he uses to talk about love: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 1 â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on Give me the excess of it, that surfeiting The appetite may sicken and so die† This quotation shows how melodramatic Shakespeare makes Orsino. It is so exaggerated that the audience would find him comical as he is portrayed as thinking that no other experience is as good as his intense feeling for love. He is obsessed by Olivia and is comical because of his obsessive nature. He also frequently seems quite fickle in his feelings which adds to his comic nature: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 1 â€Å"Enough; no more. ‘Tis not so sweet now as it was before† This quotation is an example of how Orsino changes his feelings in an instant. Later Orsino is talking to Viola/Cesario about men and women in love. He claims to be the model lover, talking about his love for Olivia: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 4 â€Å"For such as I am, all true loves are Unstaid and skittish in all motions else† His lines are made particularly funny and he seems unperceptive because the audience is aware that Cesario is of course a woman and that despite what Orsino says about women having less capacity for love than men, Viola/Cesario in fact loves him a lot and much more constantly than he loves Olivia. This is a good example of dramatic irony. Shakespeare satirises Orsino’s exaggerated obsessive form of love. The second character involved in the love triangle is Olivia. Orsino and Olivia are quite similar in a number of ways but their main similarity is in their characters. They both provide comedy in the play because of their obsessive love and their fickleness. Examples of this for Olivia are her obsessive love for her dead brother and Cesario and how she changes from seven years mourning to loving Cesario and then changing from Cesario to Sebastian. A quotation for her obsessive nature is: QUOTE: ACT 3, SCENE 1 â€Å"Have you not set mine honour at the stake And baited it all with th’unmuzzled thoughts That tyrannous heart can think† Here, Olivia is openly expressing her love for Cesario which ends up being comical because it is unrequited. She pours her heart out which adds to the nature of the scene. Olivia criticises Orsino’s stereotypical view of love because it doesn’t sound real to her. Her actions towards love are actually much the same but she does not realise this, making her hypocritical and therefore criticising her own way of thinking. Also, she claims that she will never love again but that all changes when Cesario comes into the picture. Shakespeare creates her character to be an unrealistic and vain, top-class person which shows through in her language. Orsino praises her for her looks, not for her as a person and this once more accentuates their similarities and comic personal lives. This act depicts how shallow Orsino is. One of the most comical parts of the play to do with Olivia is when she falls in love with Cesario, or who the audience knows is Cesario. This is highly amusing for the audience as they know the truth and they watch Olivia make a fool of herself. Shakespeare uses love from Olivia to Viola to create a high point of comedy throughout the play. He uses over-exaggerated language once more to really highlight the shallow feelings of Olivia: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 5 â€Å"Let him send no more Unless (perchance) you come to me again To tell me now he takes it† This quotation is Olivia talking seductively to Cesario, once more openly expressing her feelings for â€Å"him†. Again, comical to the audience, for seeing a woman flirt with another was a very amusing but unheard of thing at the time when this play was performed. When Sebastian appears on stage a comical effect takes place because we can imagine the blank looks on the characters’ faces as an identical twin becomes part of the plot. Sebastian becomes a love interest to the fickle Olivia, once more creating comedy because of her changeability. By making Olivia so fickle and over-exaggerated Shakespeare creates a large amount of comedy based around her and the people she is involved with. The third and final part of the love triangle is Viola. She disguises herself as a man and serves Orsino which is comic first-off because of how she changes herself. The audience sees the change and therefore can compare the different reactions and feelings between the characters of Viola and Cesario. The audience would be used to this kind of dramatic behaviour, as a long tradition of plays at this time had these kind of comic complications. They would find it excessively funny seeing a beautiful woman able to disguise herself as a man yet no other characters able to notice. This is dramatic irony for the audience is let in on the secret but still can watch everyone not in the know create a jolly and comic atmosphere. Viola is sometimes witty and is involved in a range of comic situations most of them involved with the love complications in the play. The funniest single scene involving Viola has to be her comic duel with Sir Andrew which is set up by Sir Toby because both men are rivals for Olivia though of course neither does actually love her. There are several comic moments involving Viola where she gets herself caught up in situations that accentuate the comic nature of the play. Ironically Orsino fails to realise that his wonderful new servant is actually a woman despite the hinting conversations they have: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 4 â€Å"Thy small pipe is as the maiden’s organ† Here Orsino is speaking and commenting on Viola’s unnatural high, shrill female voice yet he still does not catch on that she is actually a woman. This also has a slightly bawdy tone to it which was very popular at that time and would definitely have made the audience laugh. At the end of the scene the audience realises the romantic comedy is underway as Viola reveals her true feelings for Orsino: QUOTE: ACT X, SCENE X â€Å"I’ll so my best to woo your lady (Aside) Yet a barful strife Whoe’er I woo myself would be his wife† The language here is romantic and wistful for Viola has to assist someone else, who she perceives not worthy of his love, to love Orsino although underneath she has true romantic feelings for him. Then Orsino sends Cesario to woo Olivia who falls in love with Viola! This is ironic and what starts off the love triangle. Shakespeare writes a speech for Viola to say to Olivia which is romantic, lyrical and paints vivid romantic pictures. It is also quite comical for the audience as they realise Olivia is in love with Viola. Viola can actually be quite witty and we can see this in her conversation with Maria: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 5 â€Å"Some mollification for your giant Sweet lady† Viola is being rude and sarcastic to Maria referring to her as a â€Å"giant†, therefore commenting on her lack of height. This is a small indication of what the real Viola is like underneath her male costume. By the end of the Act, Viola realises that Olivia has fallen in love with her, creating yet more amusement among the audience. Comedy is also involved when Orsino fails to realise Viola’s feelings despite some heavy hints: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 4 â€Å"Of your completion†¦..About your years, my Lord† These are just two of the lines or hints that Viola says when she is in Orsino’s company. Viola says a long speech about the sincerity of her love. Shakespeare really goes all-out on the imagery in this section which reflects how Viola is feeling. It is a powerful insight into her life and feelings which is then cast into a shadow by Orsino’s weak and misunderstood response. QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 4 â€Å"But died thy sister of his love, my boy?† This is comic because even though Viola is her heart out for him, he is too bound up in his love affairs to notice. The duel is a very comic moment because Viola and Sir Andrew are both terrified of each other thanks to of the crafty ways of Sir Toby. He also urges them both on to the fight. Viola’s aside line would make the audience laugh: QUOTE: ACT 3, SCENE 4 â€Å"Pray God defend me! A little thing would make me tell them how much I love of a man† This would be very comical for the audience for it reveals Viola’s fright and nervousness towards the fight. Also she is supposed to be a man but everyone thinks that her slightly feeble attitude towards the fight is cowardly, and they would probably also doubt her masculinity therefore resulting it into and ironic and comic situation. In the final scene there is a mounting sense of comic confusion, particularly when Olivia thinks she has married Viola then Sebastian himself enters. You could see what confusion this would amount to on stage – everyone looking from Viola to Sebastian and back again. Shakespeare creates a huge amount of confusion with Viola because of her mistaken identity. Comically, everything turns out more or less well for her and Shakespeare successfully uses love to create comedy. Shakespeare creates characters primarily for comic effect in this play and each of them are in some way involved in the theme of love. Sir Andrew is one of these. He is a figure of fun, but can also be seen as a sad person. The audience feels sympathy for him while laughing at his antics. He has been tricked by Sir Toby into believing he is in love with Olivia, which shows how easily he can be manipulated. Therefore he is constructed as a comic character. Sir Toby tells him to do stupid things like dance wildly, his appearance is comical to the audience (long, lanky figure, rather dim expression) and most comical of all he repeats Sir Toby’s words but misunderstands them: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 3 â€Å"Good Mistress Accost I desire better acquaintance† He gets confused with what people say and this puts a very comical and stupid air about his character. Shakespeare always portrays him as foolish. But he also has speeches which make you feel slightly sorry for him: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 5 â€Å"I knew t’was I for many do call me fool† Even Sir Andrew is aware that people call him a fool which is a funny, yet heartfelt feeling put across by Shakespeare. Another poignant yet comic line is: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 3 â€Å"I was adored once too† A famous line for you can tell his sorrow at being unloved yet you can laugh at his pathetic view on love. The main comic scene for Sir Andrew is the duel in Act 3, Scene 4. Shakespeare uses Sir Andrew for a key element of plot development in Act 4after fighting. Sir Andrew is terrified at the prospect of fighting someone and proceeds to do cowardly actions and act pathetically. This would seem hilarious to the audience because of how Shakespeare portrays Sir Andrew leading up to the fight and during it. Sir Andrew is left unhappy and alone at the end for everyone is married and have a happy ending. He does not but still his false love and stupidity casts him to be an important part of the play. Malvolio is another character who Shakespeare uses to create comedy in relation to love. He is a Puritan, satirised by Shakespeare, and filled to the brim with self love. Malvolio is not a sincere Puritan because of the letter plot in the box tree scene. This cleverly arranged plot reveals what a hypocrite Malvolio is about lusting after Olivia, as he frowned upon Sir Toby and Maria before, but when it relates to him he doesn’t care. This scene is the first comic element of Malvolio; the letter tricks him into smiling inappropriately and wearing awful clothes to impress Olivia, obviously all of this failing dismally in winning her affections, dramatically increasing the comedy of Malvolios character. In Act 3, Scene 4, the trick is revealed and Malvolio appears very ridiculous as he realises what a fool he has been. Sir Toby is very rude and cruel to him which makes him realise how unhappy his life is and how much disrespect people have for him. These elements do put a damper on the comic play but Malvolio does contribute with his comedy and love based antics. Although Shakespeare uses the theme of love primarily to create the comedy, the play also has much darker undertones. Feste is an ironic commentator on human nature and on the way in which people behave when they are in love. He has a very different perspective on love to the aristocratic figures in the play. Shakespeare ends the comedy with an epilogue from Feste, telling some very bitter thoughts about human nature, love and life. It ends with: QUOTE: ACT 5 SCENE 1 â€Å"But that’s all one, our play is done And we’ll strive to please you every day This is an acceptance of the sad conditions of life. A very unexpected end to a comedy. Feste is philosophical in all of his bitter songs and they all have poignant lines in them: QUOTE: ACT 2 SCENE 3 â€Å"Youth’s a stuff will not endure This is a saying that youth, love and beauty will not last forever. Another sad line is: QUOTE: ACT 2 SCENE 4 â€Å"Sad true lover, never find my grave This tells us about how people hide away and die for love. Feste provides us with comedy about love but his main role in this play is to make the audience come back to their senses and realise the reality of life. Overall, this play has many ways to show how love and comedy combine to make a story of passion and heartbreak, love and unhappiness. Every character I have analysed here contributes towards the intense tone of the play, giving comedy and love to the audience. Yes, there are a few who reveal the darker undertones but these characters are essential in making the play as provoking, passionate and realistic that it is. QUOTE: ACT 5 SCENE 4 â€Å"A great while ago the world begun With hey, ho the wind and the rain But that’s all one, our play is done, And we’ll strive to please you every day† How to cite How does Shakespeare use the theme of love to create a comedy?, Papers

English Coursework Essay Conclusion Example For Students

English Coursework Essay Conclusion The purpose of the beginning is for a change of atmosphere, this indicates change of scene. No stage curtains, servants having nothing around them allow them to bring on props for the New Scene. The audiences expectations moving into this scene is that something big and important is going to happen as well as tension, this is due to the servants rushing around getting everywhere ready, an example of the rush and tension is when the first servant gives short commands away with the joint stools, remove the court cupboard, look to the plate. What also could add a lot of tension to the audience is that at the end of the last scene we found out that there is a big feud between the Montagues and the Capulet, we Know that the party is for Capulet, but we also know that Romeo will be attending and he is a Montague. The purpose of the beginning is to change the atmosphere and create a contrast with the previous scene, making the audience eager to watch to see what is going to happen. The audience are eager to continue watching because in the scene before there was a feud, and the audience sense something will happen at the ball. Shakespeare needed to include this section to show the audience that this ball is a big occasion, and the rush of the servants emphasizes this. Capulet jovial and welcoming manner should relax the audience but it does the opposite due to them knowing that Romeo will attend the ball, and the inevitable feeling that Romeo will be recognised. What makes the recognition even more inevitable is that Capulet is at the entrance to the ball Tension is relieved when Romeo is not recognised by Capulet but there is still the feeling that Romeo will be found out someway or another. When Romeo sets eyes on Juliet he is overwhelmed by her presence and beauty, he immediately forgets about Rosalie his love. This contrasts dramatically with his previous behaviour; before this Romeo was depressed that Rosalie did not return his love out of her favour where I am in love. When Romeo speaks about Juliet he speaks in a poetic language o, she doth teach the torches to burn bright. It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night. This poetic language makes the audience focus on Romeo, and in someway makes them feel for him because he is not aggressive, and he is in love and also talks sweetly about his love for Juliet. Romeo says it seems she hangs upon the cheek of night as a rich jewel in an Ethoss ear. This shows that Romeo is amazed by her beauty and presence; Juliet shines out from the rest of the females in the ball and is as precious as a gem. To say this about someone is a big compliment because to be associated with gems and riches in this era is a big thing. Juliet is also being compared to light, which goes with the contrast of light and dark, which is explored throughout the play. Juliet is associated with a dove, which is the symbol of love and peace, while those around her appear sinful and ungainly. Tension is immediately re-established, due to Tibet overhearing Romeo. Tibet is a man of action not thought, he is vindictive and aggressive. The audience have already been witness to this earlier in the play. Tybalts aggressive language is a major contrast to Romeos calm poetic language. Tybalts immediate reaction is to ask for his sword. Tybalt uses rhyming couplets when talking about killing Romeo uncle, this is a Montague, our foe, a villain that is hither come in spite, to scorn at our solemnity this night. This poetic language makes the fact that Tybalt want to kill Romeo stick in the audiences minds. Some possible humour is added when Capulet tries to remain the genial host even though Tybalt is talking about killing Romeo. He is trying hard to make the guests feel commutable so he jokes. The conflict ends with Tybalt fuming, and he vows to get Romeo, which adds tension to the audience, as they know they will meet again. .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce , .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .postImageUrl , .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce , .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce:hover , .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce:visited , .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce:active { border:0!important; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce:active , .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u737b1e6a3287d694d55eebb292e887ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dracula Highlight Repressive Victorian Attitudes Towards Women EssayCapulet will not let Tybalt fight and is determined to get his own way, this again creates tension, because the audience wonder if Tybalt will deceive Capulet which would cause yet another feud. The audience know Capulet will not accept Tybalt deceiving him, because Tybalt is a younger family member. The family dispute between Capulet and Tybalt gives Romeo time to approach his new love Juliet. There is a major contrast now between the feelings of Romeo. Before entering the ball he feared for his life and now the only thing he is thinking about is Juliet. Another contrast is that just before Romeo meeting Juliet there is a big feud between Capulet and Tybalt. It goes from being an angry atmosphere to a peaceful, romantic atmosphere. Strong imagery is used by Shakespeare to show the meaningfulness in their love for each other. They speak in shared rhyming couplets a sonnet (14 line poem of 7 rhyming couplets). Sonnets were love poetry in Shakespeares day, sharing lines of sonnet shows they both have strong feelings for each other, and that they are in perfect harmony. Romeo uses very religious language in the sonnet and this convinces the audience of his sincerity. Romeo uses words like pilgrim, sin, and profane and holy shrine. He sees Juliet as pure; this language also shows th at Romeo worships her. The sharing of the intellectual language will show the audience that they are well matched. Romeo and Juliet are interrupted by the nurse, who reminds them, as well as the audience, that they are not alone, and return them to reality and remind the audience that Romeo is a Montague and Juliet a Capulet. The nurses arrival also informs Romeo of Juliets identity. The nurse relieves the tension slightly when she addresses Romeo comically he that shall lay hold of her shall have the chinks. This relieves the tension because it shows that the nurse has taken a liking to Romeo even though he is a Montague. Ben olio urges Romeo to leave with him, because he thinks they are undiscovered. Away, be gone, the sport is at its best. This creates tension because the audience know that they have been seen and found out. When Juliet discovers Romeos identity, she is distraught; she prophetically states, My grave is like to be my wedding bed. The audience know that link between marriage and death is not to do with Romeo being married, but that he is a Montague. Romeo and Juliet feeling so fatalistic would have a great impact on the audience. Conclusion This scene is a very important if not the most important scene in the play because you discover the feud between the Capulet and the Montagues as well as seeing Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time. During this scene the audiences emotions are played with a good deal. At the start the audience feel tension due to the feud, as well as the likely possibility that Romeo will be seen and found out. Then the audience feel calm and passion for Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time. The audience then again feel tension as they realise that Juliet is a Capulet and Romeo is a Montague, as they wonder what jolliest reaction to this will be.

Feminism Essays (505 words) - Gender Studies,

Feminism What is feminism? By general definition, feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. It is based on social, political and economical equality for women. Feminists can be anyone in the population, men, women, girl or boys. Feminism can also be described as a movement. A revolution that includes women and men who wish the world to be equal without boundaries. These boundaries or blockades are better known as discrimination and biases against gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status and economic status. Everyone views the world with his or her own sense of gender and equality. Feminists view the world as being unequal. They wish to see the gender gap and the idea that men are superior to women decreased or even abolished. Carol Gilligan is one woman who has contributed much time and effort to the feminist theory. Her beliefs and ideas are based upon difference feminism. In this essay I will tie the ideas and beliefs of Carol Gilligan with information from our text, the packet read in class and the book, Faces of Feminism. Carol Gilligan is a lecturer and assistant professor at Harvard University as well as a psychologist. She has many theories that deal with moral reasoning and development. In her influential book In a Different Voice, she sets forth the idea that women make decisions ?according to a criteria of ethics of care and that men make decisions according to an ethic of rights.?(3) In her book, Carol Gilligan also disagrees with Lawrence Kohlbergs' theory, which suggests that ?Few people matured fully in their moral reasoning...but women hardly ever did.?(2) In her opposition Gilligan stated that ?women make moral decisions according to different but equally mature and morally upright reasoning.?(2) She feels that women are different because they posses a different hereditary set of values and beliefs. This opposition to Kohlberg's theory was backed by research. Even though there was research done to support Gilligan, it seemed to have experimenter bias. It was not an open or strong experimen t and it only observed the actions of the white middle class. This did not give a clear or objective view on the separate criteria of women and men. The views and ideas on moral reasoning and development set forth by Carol Gilligan are those of many difference feminists. Difference feminism is just one type of feminism. It gives a concept that ?women should go back to traditional roles?(3) set by society. It also states that gender is natural and is not learned by the society in which one lives. Not all Feminists agree with this theory but there are many feminists, such as Carol Gilligan who agree with this idea that even though men and women are different, they each have their own separate place in society. Difference feminism is ?successful because it tells people what they want to hear: women really are different in just the ways that we always thought. ... And men have power, wealth and control of social

Hagia Sophia Essays

Hagia Sophia Essays Hagia Sophia Essay Hagia Sophia Essay Hagia Sophia one of the most admirable buildings ever created, designed by Anthemios of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus, and built under the Emperor Justinian I from 532–537. The building has an Unbelievable way of allowing light into the building, instead of a few large arched windows Hagia Sophia distributes the weight and allows for numerous windows allowing sunlight to pour into the building. Just in the great hallway alone about ten large arched windows allow the beautifully painted mosaics ceiling, marble coverings, and pillars, to come alive. This fantastic design that the main dome is surrounded on four sides by half semi circles which increases the size of Hagia Sophia immensely when standing below the dome. The Dome in a sense is pulled by the four smaller circular ceiling pieces enlarging the space to make colossal room with a ceiling reaching 180 feet. Each room has a flowing design allowing the space of the entire structure to connect so perfectly. The space is spread out in a centripetal way of organization with the hierarchy space being the large area beneath the dome, which sits above 40 arched windows. This dome is said to have â€Å"changed the face of architecture during the Byzantine empire. † ? These windows also prevent rain and other elements form entering through the roof, however sunlight pours in through these windows. When standing beneath the dome it has an illusionistic design that looks like the dome is actually floating above you. Predominantly the great room surrounded by a lesser hierarchy important rooms which ultimately together interlock to form such a beautiful and unique architectural design. : Every part of the building is so large and extremely detailed; each room is an architectural masterpiece. Space and light are the most prevalent features of Hagia Sophia. Once standing underneath the dome you become amazed at how large of a space you are actually underneath while colossal pillars hold up the ceiling where light flows in. Everywhere you look in Hagia Sophia there are intricate pillars made of breathtaking marble. Hagia Sophia is positioned right in the middle of Constantinople, â€Å"Hagia Sophia became the ceremonial centerpiece of city, the last monument of Roman architectural inventiveness carried out to an ethereal vision on a grand scale. † Several large simple geometric shapes penetrate one another to form the building in such a unique and interesting way. â€Å"Hagia Sophia history is shaded with ownerships by many religions. Beginning in 360 to 1453 it served as the cathedral of Constantinople (also known as Istanbul). For a brief period, it began the Roman Catholic cathedral of the area. † ? Hagia Sophia has been rebuilt several times â€Å"The dome was rebuilt after an earthquake caused its collapse in 557; rebuilt by Isidoros the Younger; there were also partial collapses in the 10th and 14th centuries. The church was converted to a mosque in 1453. † Currently it serves as a Museum. Hagia Sophia changed architecture forever and will always be known as one of the greatest pieces of architecture ever designed.

Discussion Question 1 Week 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Question 1 Week 4 - Assignment Example The restaurant will require about $150,000 in order to be operational. The Smart fast food restaurant will be organized as a partnership business. This is because I intend to start the business in partnership with Mr. Johnson. We will hire three kitchen cooks who will be involved in preparing the fast foods. We will also need to hire one waiter and two customer support staff. Moreover we will also need to hire two sales persons. I will act as the human resource manager while Johnson will act as the sales manager. However, the Smart food restaurant aims at increasing the number of the employee as the business progresses. The Smart fast food restaurant will be stated with a capital base of $150,000. Johnson and I will contribute $50,000 as the starting capital the rest of capital will be borrowed from commercial banks. The following is an outline of the proposed financial plan This refers to the amount of money needed to cater for the initial cost in order to start a business. It includes the money required to purchase all the materials required to a start the business. In this case smart food restaurant requires about $80,000 for its start up cost. The monthly expenses refer to the cost the business is likely to incur at the end of the month. These costs include the cost of paying for insurance, and the cost of paying its employee. In this case the Smart fast food restaurant will require $50,000 to cater for its monthly cost This refers to the various sales estimates that the business aims at achieving at the end of certain period. In this case, the Smart food restaurant estimates that at the end of the month it will make sales worth $120,000. The smart fast food restaurant will mainly target to sell its food products to the business people found in the Los Angelis town. This is because most of the business people find it hard to leave their business to a have lunch in a hotel. The business will also target the college students since they also like

2.Scientific Management School has given way to the Human Relations Essay

2.Scientific Management School has given way to the Human Relations School of Management - Essay Example This is because we have developed as a civilization and have obtained certain rights where respect, equality, motivation, appreciation and the value derived from work become important considerations for the people who work. Workers may need to find more value in their work and even if work is as natural for them as play, they would need to understand where they stand in the organization and what they need to do in order to improve their position within the company. Since companies are dealing with human resources as the most important investment they have, understanding human relations and using human relations to obtain the maximum output from workers makes the human relations school of management more important the scientific school of management. Of course this does not mean that the lessons learnt from the scientific management school can be ignored altogether. In fact, their value remains quite intact but the focus of the management paradigm is closer to managing human resources rather than the manner in which they spend their time on a minute to minute basis. It must be remembered that scientific management comes from the beginning of the industrial age and even then Taylor recognized that managers need to cooperate with and consider the problems faced by the workers (Boddy, 2002). Taylor made it quite clear that without good planning or recognizing the problems of the workers, no management system would be able to increase profitability. The productivity of a company could only be improved if the right person was doing the right job and that the person was being given increasing rewards for good performance. Scientific management certainly was popular at the time Taylor was living to the point that he became the first known management consultant. He helped businesses by increasing their productivity while reducing the number of workers required. His

Labor Issues in Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Labor Issues in Human Resources - Essay Example The essay "Labor Issues in Human Resources" talks about the labor issues in human resources. HR has a lot of changes that it can undertake to avert the problem. There are some of the defined roles of the HR that it can major on heavily to ensure that it undertakes its roles effectively.After reading the article on HR, I can answer the three questions provided. We love to hate HR Since most HR managers usually focus a lot on the â€Å"administrivia† thus presenting a lack vision and strategic Insight that is desirable for their work. Such complaints have a cyclical quality, and they are normally pushed by the business context. When firms and companies strive with the labor issues, then HR becomes an indispensable leadership, partner. The office of the HR bosses the working staffs a lot and is not comparable to any other office in a firm, not even the finance office.HR has a lot of changes that it can undertake to avert the problem. There are some of the defined roles of the HR that it can major on heavily to ensure that it undertakes its roles effectively. These roles include managing layoffs process and generating flexible work arrangements. The HR is also tasked with creating a Performance management as there the typical difference from the old type of Performance Management and the current modern type management. The HR is intensely entailed in the recruiting process since they are structured or skilled to create interviews that help in singling out the identity the best candidates.

Effects of Population Growth

Effects of Population Growth Nerujan Sivanesan Issues of human geography have had irreversible impacts on the Earth as we know today. Over the centuries, the growing human population has led to high population densities, and has greatly affected the fate of one particular country. The environmental, economic and social impacts have been both positive and negative in the case of this nation. Although many nations are affected, no other place bears the weight of this issue more than the country of India. Currently, India has a population of 1,220,800,359 people and it ranks second according to the central intelligence agency website when compared to all the other countries around the world. In addition, population density is the number of people living per unit of an area1 and India currently retains a population density of 388 people/km2 in 2013 according to the population reference bureau website. As a result of their high population, it leads to the emergence of many socio-medical issues and survivalhood complications9 such as a lack of water supply as well as having a greater working population despite suffering from shortages of land and resources. In addition, it will lead to the reduction of population growth which in turn will assist in the reduction of its population in the future. The environmental repercussions that will arise in India due to having a high population will massively affect this nation. Environmental issues such as a lack of water supply and polluted water will occur as a result of India’s continually growing population. In addition, the water supply that is obtained will most likely be polluted because daily garbage generation ranges more than 3-20 tons.3 All this generated garbage is found on streets, infront of homes and other properties which will end up in rivers and lakes, eventually contaminating the water. Also, the unregulated disposal of pollution occurs through drains joining into rivers, streams, and reservoirs.3 This is because companies do not have waste water treatments systems, thus, all the water in this environment will be contaminated by these chemicals. Moreover, having a human population with a high population density will lead India to have a lot of gas powered vehicles on its streets which will result in air pollution. As a result of air pollution, it will contribute to global warming which will hamper the required weather conditions needed to maintain India’s agriculture, which is a critical part of their economic life. Unfortunately, the poor people will be most likely affected by this since most of them live in rural areas. This is bad news forIndia as a whole because agriculture is one of their most important ways for raising economic income. Even though there are mainly negative effects regarding the environmental implications for this issue, there are still some positive effects too. One positive effect would be that the increase in population in agricultural areas of India will result in a higher production of agriculture. Hence, this will help sustain the country both environmentally and economically because it wil l prevent shortages in food supply as well as provide an income for the poor agricultural workers. Economic benefits and complications arise due to India having such a high population. In fact, Indians living in this highly populated country will be more willing to accept lower wages due to having a high unemployment rates. As a result this will attract more companies because they would not have to pay high wages and would allow India to grow economically. Even though India will economically grow because of the attraction of companies, their economy will still suffer due to the fact that a high number of people in this country are in poverty and that the gap between the poor and rich is growing. This is because the rich people are exploiting more resources than poor people.9 Also, the number of middle class people found in this nation will continue to grow so the purchasing power will become higher power. Therefore, the more people there are in a country, the greater their economic potential will. In addition, having such a high population will result in the development of technology. For that reason, rising population promotes the need for some sort of technological change in order to meet the rising demands for certain goods and services, as a result more jobs will become available.13Moreover, a mass influx in population is considered harmful to economic growth since the resources found in India are found to be limited due to the increasing rate in population growth. Even though this is true, it can also lead them to have a very high working population. Since, the amount of resources will become limited due to the increase in population; their prices will greatly increase. Nonetheless, the increase in prices of resources would often lead people, especially poor people to suffer from starvation. Consequences will arise for the reason that India will want to solve/reduce their current issue, overpopulation, however, its citizens financial status will determine whether the methods suggested is agreeable or not. It is a known fact that women play a decisive role in influencing the birth rates during their child bearing years. Therefore, family planning efforts are promoted such as encouraging later marriages as well as increasing the length of birth intervals so that the population rate will be reduced in the future. When successful, family planning efforts tend to help reduce the population rate because families will limit themselves to two children most of the time. In addition, women play a crucial role in high population rates because some women especially the women in poverty are illiterate which would mean there is an encouragement of early marriages. This is because families in poverty usually marry their daughters off in exchange for dowry once they enter their child be aring years. As a result this will assist both the daughter as well as her family economically. Since they are illiterate, they will be encouraged to have children in short birth intervals because they reside in rural areas and once their children become older they will begin to assist in the agricultural work given, as it is their only source of income. Evidence shows that women’s education has a positive association with a wider range of contraceptive product usage in India, whereby women possessing high levels of education use both modern and traditional non-terminal methods of birth control.4 In addition, women who are educated tend to marry later in their lives. Furthermore, this would mean that they have shorter child bearing years when compared to women who are illiterate. India’s growing human population is still a concerning issue and it has affected the fate of this country environmentally, economically, and socially. Through environmental implications, water supplies will sometimes be contaminated because of a lack of waste water treatment systems in industrial companies and an increase in agricultural production will occur due escalation in population growth. In addition, the increase in agricultural production will help India’s economy to become much stronger. However, there are many people in this country that are in poverty which would cause its economy to decline. Later marriages will help reduce population growth because women will now have shorter child bearing years and this method is mostly used by educated women. Uneducated women marry during the initial stages of their child bearing year for economical or social reasons and this would mean they have longer child bearing years. Many consequences will result due to population growth and it can be interpreted in different ways on how it would affect India. Reference 1.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/population+density?s=t 2.http://www.sfu.ca/geography/undergraduate-program/human-geography-sfu 3.http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=J6sZo47jJNsCoi=fndpg=PA50dq=how+overpopulation+affects+India%27s+environmentots=FZay88LUiGsig=mS2rwX8b9T4W6A8-43hk7x7YoL0#v=onepageqf=false 4. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/docview/200907237 5.http://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=trueprofile=ehostscope=siteauthtype=crawlerjrnl=09725784AN=86021326h=zu59X88190lyNltFvjZpfzTtHQ5aKCt8BM87felpzhBaD7AK10%2fd2ePpsRh3LSDL5tE5GRrFKnzAALuXIi2cng%3d%3dcrl=c 6. http://www.prb.org/DataFinder/Topic/Rankings.aspx?ind=30fmt=31tf=54loc=249,250,251,252,253,254,34227,255,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,304,305,306,307,308,311,312,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,324,325,326,327,328,34234,329,330,331,332,333,334,336,337,338,339,340,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480sort=AscendingsortBy=value 7.http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?order=wbapi_data_value_2010+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-lastsort=asc 8. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/docview/1346647850 9.http://rierc.org/social/paper174.pdf 10.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html 11. http://asbbs.org/files/2011/JBBS_24.1_Spring_2012.pdf#page=108 12.http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Climate change in India_Forgotten threats, forgotten opportunities_EPW_2010.pdf

Epic Theatre: The Influences of Bertolt Brecht Essay -- Theater, Dram

Response Essay â€Å"Theatre makes us think about power and the way our society works and it does this with a clear purpose, to make a change.† The ideas of Bertolt Brecht (1898-1965) changed the theatre in many ways. Brecht along with Erwin Piscator developed the style of Epic theatre style contrasting to previous accepted styles. Presentational in form, Epic theatre is a vehicle for social comment through techniques such as: alienation, historification, eclectic influences (highly Asian), constructivism in scenery, disjointed and illogical scene placement, ordinary clothing and lighting, the use of music to detach the audience from emotion, placards and signs and projected images. Didactic in nature Brecht’s works aim to challenge the audience to assess socially accepted norms and educate them to injustices often overlooked by the public. The Caucasian Chalk Circle (Brecht, 1944) written during the time of Nazi Germany occupation has a clearly political and social focus. The Caucasian Chalk Circle (CCC) is a play of two stories which eventually are interweaved. Scene 1 is a prologue to the action of the play that serves as a metaphor for the entire play â€Å"struggle between what is right legally and what right socially†. The protagonist from the first story is Grusha, a simple maid who sacrifices her safety and youth to protect Governor’s child. Scenes 2-4 focus exclusively on Grusha’s story. Scene 5 introduces the protagonist for the second story, the drunk judge Adzak. Scene 6 brings the two protagonists together and is the climatic action of the play. Scenes 5 and 6 focus more on social problems being that the base of society- the justice system. The audience experiences the drunken judge take bribes and rule in favour of thos... ...onal connection. The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht is a perfect example of the conventions Epic theatre uses to alienate the audience form emotion connection in order to allow an objective viewing of the themes and issue presented. These being ones of social order: is the social structure and legal systems providing fair and just rulings and procedures? By examination of Post World War Two damages we see the effects of war then as a result consciously attempt to prevent it and change our situation. This is an effective way of challenging and informing the contemporary audience as it is visual and audibly dynamic as well as informative, the medium of live theatre is intense and it allows audience members to ascertain meaning together. This sparks discussion which will lead to the individual assessing and attempting to change the way in which society works.

Secant Methods Application

SUBMITTED TO: sir sajid presentation on application of secant method April 16, 2013 MCS 1st sem ————————————————- ROLL # 31 to 40 SECANT METHOD * The  Secant  command numerically approximates the roots of an algebraic function,  f, using a technique similar to Newton's method but without the need to evaluate the derivative of  function. * Given an expression  f  and an initial approximate  a, the  Secant  command computes a sequence,  =, of approximations to a root of  f, where  Ã‚  is the number of iterations taken to reach a stopping criterion. The  Secant  command is a shortcut for calling the  Roots  command with the  method=secant  option Advantages of secant method * It converges at faster than a linear rate, so that it is more rapidly convergent than the bisection method. * It does not require use of the derivative of the function, something that is not available in a number of applications. * It requires only one function evaluation per iteration, as compared with Newton’s method which requires two Disadvantages of secant method * It may not converge. * There is no guaranteed error bound for the computed iterates. * It is likely to have difficulty if f? (? ) = 0.This means the x-axis is tangent to the graph of y = f (x) at x = ?. * Newton’s method generalizes more easily to new methods for solving simultaneous systems of nonlinear equations. APPLICATION OF SECANT METHOD 1. You are working for a start-up computer assembly company and have been asked to determine the minimum number of computers that the shop will have to sell to make a profit. The equation that gives the minimum number of computers to be sold after considering the total costs and the total sales is 2. Use the secant method of finding roots of equations to find the minimum number of computers that need to be sold to make a profit. Conduct three iterations to estimate the root of the above equation. Find the absolute relative approximate error at the end of each iteration and the number of significant digits at least correct at the end of each iteration. 3. Today the most important application of secant method is to predicting the earthquake performance of structures. sozen has been credited with having developed progenitor procedures. 4. Based on the sinusoidal pulse width modulation technology and regular sampling  method, the switching time point’s calculation formulas  of  tangent  method  and  secant  method  are established.This paper analyses the precision  of  switching turn-on and turn-off time point, and compare these switching time points. Calculation results show that SPWM pulses generated by tangent  method  and  secant  method  are closest to the pulse generated by natural sampling, the THD is also smaller than by regular sampling. 5. Secant method is used to determine the optimal stage. ( maximize or minimize ) the problem or solution. Example You are working for a start-up computer assembly company and have been asked to determine the minimum number of computers that the shop will have to sell to make a profit.The equation that gives the minimum number of Computers ‘x’ to be sold after considering the total costs And the total sales is: Solution Use the Secant method of finding roots of equations to find * The minimum number of computers that need to be sold to make a profit. Conduct three iterations to estimate the root of the above equation. * Find the absolute relative approximate error at the end of each iteration, and * The number of significant digits at least correct at the end of each iteration.

Sample Q

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) When backed by buying power, wants become A) self-esteem needs B) physical needs C) demands D) exchanges E) social needs 2) When dealing with a(n) managers must decide whether to invest in it in an attempt to build it into a star or cash cow or whether to phase it out. A) cash cow B) cat C) exclamation mark D) dog E) question mark 3) Because of increasing Americans will demand higher quality products, books, magazines, travel, personal computers, and Internet services.A) levels of education B) family size C) numbers of nontraditional females D) ethnic diversity E) social class awareness 4) Causal research Is used to A) test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships B) gather preliminary information that will help define problems C) uncover information in an unstructured way D) quantify observations that produce insights unobtainable through other forms of research E) describe marketing prob lems or situations 5) Donna wants to buy a new coat. During the stage of her purchase process she will ask her friends to recommend a store and/or a style of coat.She will search the newspaper for coat sales, and she will visit nearby stores to see what is available in her price range. A) product evaluation B) information search C) purchase decision D) need recognition E) alternative evaluation 6) When Burger King targets children, teens, adults, and seniors with deferent ads and media, it is practicing segmentation. A) behavioral 8) lifestyle C) age and life-cycle D) user status.

Free Essays on Democracy in Athens

DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS The rise of the Athenian city-state took place c. 1000 BC. Athens is located on the mainland in an area known as Attica, across the straits of Messina from Sparta and Corinth. Dorian invaders overran the Ionian natives c. 1000 BC. Unlike the Spartans, the Dorians assimilated the Ionian culture and became peaceful. Athenians turned toward the sea for a living, establishing a strong commercial trade. Athens founded many colonies in the Aegean Sea. Many Athenians became wealthy thus creating a wide social gap between its people. Social classes developed in Athens creating friction among its people. All males whose mother and father were citizens could vote and take part in the government (Citizens). The rising merchant and artisan class (Metics) could not own land or take part in the government. About 1/2 of population were slaves - considered personal property but did have some safeguards against abuse. The early Athenian government was an aristocracy which controlled all facets of government. The Assembly (Ecclesia); comprised of all male citizens but had very little power initially. King; elected by the aristocrats and owed power to them. Archons 9 aristocrats chosen from the Assembly made all laws and executed them controlled all political facets of Athenian life Judges; aristocrats chosen from Assembly and were given the task of verbal interpretation of the law. A series of democratic reformers moved Athens from and aristocracy to a democracy over a period of 150 years. Draco (621 BC) elected as Archon in 621 BC and went on to write down existing verbal laws laws were harsh and severe but represented a significant step in democracy harsh laws are often called "Draconian". Solon (594 BC) appointed to deal with Athenian problems in 594 BC cancelled debt slavery gave citizenship to foreign artisans who promised to settle permanently in Athens "Solon" is n... Free Essays on Democracy in Athens Free Essays on Democracy in Athens DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS The rise of the Athenian city-state took place c. 1000 BC. Athens is located on the mainland in an area known as Attica, across the straits of Messina from Sparta and Corinth. Dorian invaders overran the Ionian natives c. 1000 BC. Unlike the Spartans, the Dorians assimilated the Ionian culture and became peaceful. Athenians turned toward the sea for a living, establishing a strong commercial trade. Athens founded many colonies in the Aegean Sea. Many Athenians became wealthy thus creating a wide social gap between its people. Social classes developed in Athens creating friction among its people. All males whose mother and father were citizens could vote and take part in the government (Citizens). The rising merchant and artisan class (Metics) could not own land or take part in the government. About 1/2 of population were slaves - considered personal property but did have some safeguards against abuse. The early Athenian government was an aristocracy which controlled all facets of government. The Assembly (Ecclesia); comprised of all male citizens but had very little power initially. King; elected by the aristocrats and owed power to them. Archons 9 aristocrats chosen from the Assembly made all laws and executed them controlled all political facets of Athenian life Judges; aristocrats chosen from Assembly and were given the task of verbal interpretation of the law. A series of democratic reformers moved Athens from and aristocracy to a democracy over a period of 150 years. Draco (621 BC) elected as Archon in 621 BC and went on to write down existing verbal laws laws were harsh and severe but represented a significant step in democracy harsh laws are often called "Draconian". Solon (594 BC) appointed to deal with Athenian problems in 594 BC cancelled debt slavery gave citizenship to foreign artisans who promised to settle permanently in Athens "Solon" is n...

Unit 2 IPIntroduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 2 IPIntroduction to American Court System - Essay Example risdiction is the power provided to the court that it can only hear cases which are brought to the court, or the cases which the court has been limited to, not anything else. Subject matter jurisdiction limits the power of the court so that it can only hear cases which the laws of jurisdiction permit it to. (Subject matter jurisdiction) Personal jurisdiction allows the court to make decisions against or in favor of people who are involved in the case. Every court in a state can exercise personal jurisdiction over the people who live in that state, but not on people who belong to some other state. Therefore, courts cannot implement authority beyond their territories. The government allows the court to pass judgment to all residents of the state and also to those who have been away from the state for a brief period. Residents of other states, who have been in the state for a short period, are also answerable to the court. Moreover, a court which has jurisdiction in a state, also have authority over companies who have opened their offices in that state. The corporations are required to take permission from the court before they can continue their business in that area. The criteria of ‘minimum contacts’ differs in every case. In situations where the case involves a defendant’s contact with the state, the number of contacts required to form personal jurisdiction may be less. If a non-resident in a state does something wrong, the court of the state then, in order to protect its residents, can authorize personal jurisdiction on that person. (Personal Jurisdiction in Federal Courts) Although the courts are allowed to practice personal jurisdiction, there are certain laws, statutory and constitutional, which limit the power of the courts. Because of statutory restrictions, the court should examine the state law to ensure whether it can properly implement personal jurisdiction or not. However, there are three types of personal jurisdiction: Firstly, In Personam

The Making of Russian Political Traditions Essay

The Making of Russian Political Traditions - Essay Example It is obvious that features of such "driving forces" were specific for each empire, so these forces were essential for making political, economic, and even cultural "frames" of these empires. First of all, we need to juxtapose principal historic events of that time. The political and economic decline of Kiev in XII-XIII centuries led to strong regional developments (Keenan and Raeff, 2003). Rostov, the earliest princely centre in the north-east, was included in the princely rotation system for a long time. In the XII century, it became the patrimony of the younger branch of Vladimir II Monomakh's family. Under his son Yury Dolgoruky (1125-1157) and grandson Andrew I (1157-1174), the principality reached a high political and cultural development. In the XIII century, the principality of Moscow was created as an apanage (royal grant) within the grand principality of Vladimir. This new seat grew in importance when Michael Khorobrit, brother of Alexander Nevsky, conquered Vladimir (1248) and made himself prince of both centers. Daniel, Nevsky's son (1276-1303), was the progenitor of all the later Rurikid princes of Moscow. Yet, at that time the principality is very small and has insignificant political influence (Martin, 1995). The beginning of Moscow's rise to its later preeminence came during the reign of Daniel's son Ivan (1328-1341), who, by cooperating with khans of the Golden Horde, and also by his shrewd purchases (probably of tax-farming rights), greatly expanded the influence of his principality (Keenan and Raeff, 2003). We know that in time of the Mongol invasion many of the conquered cities made an unusual recovery and adjustment to the new relationships. Of course, some cities, such as Kiev, never fully recovered in Mongol times. However, new centers, such as Moscow and Tver, arose and flourished in Mongol times. The local princely dynasties continued unchanged in their traditional seats. Moreover, the northern Russian princes fell to quarreling and to maneuvering for their own advantage in the politics of the Golden Horde. In this period, rising of Muscovy was caused by "symbiosis" with the Golden Horde. However, why Muscovy was not "absorbed" by the Golden Horde Firstly, the Golden Horde was unstable as any multinational and highly heterogeneous empire, so its domination was not permanent. Then, this "symbiosis" was not comprehensive. Influence of the Golden Horde in the areas of religion and intellectual life was practically nonexistent. Limited contacts between the Slavic and Turkic populations, and the strong Orthodox clergy control in Muscovy were very favorable for surviving Russian culture. Comprehensive cooperation was only in the areas of the secular culture of the court and counting house. "Here, Slavs and Tatars elaborated together an international subculture whose language was Turkic and whose administrative techniques and chancellery culture were essentially those of the Golden Horde" (Keenan and Raeff, 2003). Severe and destructive conflicts between Muscovy and the Golden Horde appear only in the XIV century, when the Golden Horde was at the stage of decline. Conflicts between Dmitry Donskoy, grand prince of Moscow, and Mamai (1381), and also Tokhtamysh attacks on Moscow (Martin, 1995) signify the end of this "symbiosis" in the political sphere. Next period differs